Mussolini had a first mover disadvantage. And Hitler had Das Deutsche Grundlichkeit. Whenever have you known Italians to be more efficient than Germans.

On the spectrum from conservative authoritarian dictatorship to radical revolutionary versions of fascism, Portugal was at one end and Germany at the other. Italy, in keeping Vittorio Emmanuele as a figurehead, was in between. Mussolini later regretted this in July 1943.

It's no secret which Trump would like to be. Ask Ivana, his first wife about the book in his night table.