Absorptions: Guam, USVI, Philippines until 1946, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, half of Mexico in 1846-48, Alaska, 1/3 of Okinawa, Saipan, Bikini Atoll, Samoa, Guantanamo, Northern Marianas, Federated States of Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Palau.

How to Hide an Empire, Daniel Immerwahr: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RvlUGYvLg0s

Indirect rule is the American empire's preference and its default. But the list of exceptions is long enough to call it a hybrid empire of direct and indirect rule, with the former only resorted to in extremis (Germany and Japan--the new suit of clothes we designed and forced them to wear after 1945, for example).